The importance and potential of job rotation

The importance and potential of job rotation Job rotation is the surest way of keeping the employee away complaint and daily routine. It is difficult for an employee to sustain his interest in the given job. Humans have the tendency that they want to earn profit from job rotation like learning and experience in different jobs in a specified period. In an organization, Job rotation has importance because it effects the performance of employees and also effects the profit of a company or organization. By job rotation employees developed himself a lot learn that how the task will complete or what is the parameter is required for the different jobs. A well planned job rotation programmed in an organization has immense potential of positive impact on job satisfaction, engagement of people and finally on retention of people. Few of the outcomes of job rotation with respect to the individual are: Job enrichment Overall development Intrinsic motivation to perform caused by newer challenges Career development Leadership development Aligning competencies with organizational requirements Lower attrition rates Performance improvement driven by unique view points of new people Organizational interest employee commitment, attrition rates, specific business issues etc. Eligibility of the employees qualification, prior experience, aptitude, competence etc. nature mandatory or voluntary Duration Basis of selection etc. In the absence of aspects brought out above, there is every possibility that the seriousness with which the job rotation scheme is implemented in the company may get diluted and become a cause of sagging employee motivation. Job rotations at different levels of management For job rotations at a slightly higher level, it is absolutely necessary that the business problems in various areas are identified. This calls for the active involvement of top management. Select most suitable people to be shifted from their current jobs to tackle the challenges at hand by considering individual attributes already described above. This will not only provide an insight for the future leaders in various aspects of the business but also will enhance their confidence levels as they solve these critical problems for the organization. Job rotation at junior and middle level executives may be pivoted around their strengths and attributes and the future roles expected of them. Focus must be on exposure in all related areas of his domain of expertise, so that as they grow to higher rungs of the management, they have an overall experience of their domain. Job rotations for workers must include aspects related to work environment, also along with other individual attributes already explained, so that it adds to his satisfaction derived from balanced distribution of work load, working conditions and learning opportunities. Done this way job rotation gets aligned with career development, leadership development and employee satisfaction which would finally result in higher levels of intrinsic motivation among the employees and hence may contribute in retaining talent Benefits of job rotation programs for learning, Motivation and Performance I) Business benefits and impacts 1.  Business results   effective systems improve business results especially in the areas of sales, product improvement and customer service. 2.  Increased productivity   because highly skilled innovators and top performers are placed in the right job, the productivity and effectiveness of these individuals will be multiplied driving and increase in the effectiveness of the overall workforce. 3.  Better business cycle fit   in larger organizations, some parts of the business are in different lifecycle stages (i.e. seed, start-up, established, expansion, decline, and exit). Proactive and targeted movement better ensures that an individual is placed in a business cycle where their skills and interests are a better fit. 4.  Increased innovation and idea generation   moving individuals into new situations provides them with an opportunity to view things as an outsider and to propose new approaches that insiders might not see. 5.  Best practice sharing   as more individuals rotate between business units, the likelihood that best practices will be shared rapidly increases. Increased internal movement can result in the cross fertilization of ideas between previously isolated business units. 6.  Increased agility and flexibility   having the capability of moving talent from areas of low return to areas of high-return increases organizational agility and the ability of management to shift resources as needs change. 7.  Better understanding and cooperation   by rotating individuals between disparate business units, individuals from both units can learn to better understand and appreciate the perspective of others. Increased movement helps to break down hierarchical silos and information and talent hoarding. For example, purchasing professionals can better understand the problems faced by the individuals that have to operate under purchasing guidelines if they occasionally rotated into those business units. 8.  Improved contacts and relationships   increasing internal movement allows individuals to build their contacts and to strengthen their relationship with individuals outside of the direct team. II) People-management related and HR related impacts 11.  More talent is available   because individuals are proactively selected and moved faster, there are more and better qualified individuals available to managers with sudden or new strategic needs, than when individuals self select themselves for movement. 12.  Improved employer brand image   in a tight economy, everyone is likely to be heavily focused on job security. If you provide and publicize your focus on inside hiring preferences, it will bolster the firms external brand image of offering long time employment security and a good place to work because you focus on the needs of your current employees. The increased security that you offer may also increase the retention rate of your current employees. Excellent internal movement programs are frequently praised by employees and the business press. If you have an excellent program, it will help you build your external image as an employer of choice and a best place to work. 13.  Allows for more entry level hiring   by filling most jobs internally through transfers or promotions you allow the firm to do to do almost all of its external hiring at the entry level. This is a good thing because entry-level jobs are cheaper to fill, have a larger candidate pool and give the firm more time to train and assess unknown external hires while they are in jobs where they can do less damage. 14.  Higher retention rates   rapid movement minimizes frustration and burnout. People working in their ideal job are unlikely to find a superior opportunity outside the firm. 15.  Leadership development   multiple on-the-job learning opportunities are likely to develop leaders faster and more effectively because the development assignments will include opportunities to lead more teams under a variety of circumstances. 16.  More promotional opportunities   more rapid development and more internal movement creates a greater number of new opportunities for employees to get promoted and move up. 17.  Increase motivation and excitement   not only is the individual more excited because they have a chance to grow but each permanent internal movement also provides an opportunity to back fill that position, further motivating others to strive for promotions and transfers. 18.  Increased learning   as individuals move more frequently not only will they gain more knowledge but they will also develop mechanisms for learning faster when they enter future situations. 19.  Increase technical skill development   moving between diverse projects provides an increased opportunity to develop current technical skills and to learn new skills. 23.  Decreased time to productivity   your current employees already know the culture, the company jargon and they already have a range of contacts. As a result, internal transfers and promotions can begin the job sooner because they dont need a great deal of orientation to get up to speed and they dont need to give notice before they begin learning and helping out. 24.  Lower job failure rate   because youre hiring individuals that already know the culture and you know their skill set and performance better than external candidates, the job failure and termination rate is generally lower with internal transfers. External hiring costs are significantly higher than the cost of internal transfers. 25.  Increase manager excitement   having different employees with their excitement and new ideas rotate in and out will serve to relieve boredom and help to excite your managers. 26.  More diverse ideas   by having more diverse employees moving in and out of your department, the team will gain diverse ideas, as well as learning how to better understand the value of having a diverse workforce. 27.  Decreased need for layoffs   having a large percentage of your workers that have a broad set of skills as a result of frequent movement means they are more capable of moving into new jobs or business units. This added capability and flexibility means that more workers can be transferred rather than laid-off from business units need to be reduced or shut down. 28.  Individual employee benefits   individual employees will also receive benefits from faster internal movement including more opportunities for development and learning as well as a faster overall career movement because they are proactively placed in the right job. 29.  Increase understanding between overhead in the line   the formerly isolated individuals that work in overhead functions will spend more time working in-line functions. As a result, there will likely be more cooperation and less bureaucracy emanating from overhead functions. 30.  Improving managers   with the increased number of rotations, and the feedback emanating from rotatees, it will be increasingly difficult to remain a hidden bad manager anywhere in the organization. Having more workers join the team might force managers to develop procedure manuals and templates so that new hires can get up to speed more quickly. 31.  A competitive advantage   intramovement programs are designed not in isolation, but instead to provide a competitive advantage over competitors. As a result, the initial design of the program and its periodic updates are designed to ensure that program is superior to what is offered at competitive. CONCLUSION After study the benefits importance of job rotation we can see that its a important process to develop the organization culture productivity of organization. It also helps for the development of employees in the organization or company. By this process employees learn about different jobs and improve the skills and knowledge about jobs. An organization can gain or profit after this program. Because this process developed the working skills and efficiency of the workers. So, job rotation is important for the all the organization. ARTICLES Best Practices for Bank Board Committees Nov 2008, the article is written by David Baris, Community Banker, and Washington. Most bank boards of directors need board committees. Even during these challenging times, there still remain bank boards that do not have committees. Additionally, just having board committees in place doesnt mean that they are functioning well or serving the best interests of the board. In the Guidebook to Effective Bank Board Committees, author Jack Milligan pointed to four critical elements for the successful operations of board committees that may also be considered best practices: 1. a clear, written charter outlining responsibilities, formats for reporting to the full board, composition, and rotation of membership, 2. clearly designated staff support from management, which minimizes confusion when requests are made for information and ensures that the board has the benefits of inside expertise, 3. assurance that all pertinent information is available in advance of committee meetings, and 4. adequ ate time to do the job. Planning for success Jun 3, 1997 in this article Teresa J Dean, Patrick Dalton, Bankers News, Washington says that To make the best use of a consultant, John Kreitler of law firm Shipman Goodwin offers ideas for a written contract, including: 1. Provide a clear description of the work with outcomes and responsibilities. 2. Have a clear schedule that will provide early warning signals of problems. 3. Establish procedures and criteria for what is an acceptable final product. The weekly rotation of jobs in the data processing and customer service sections has improved both morale and productivity at Marion State Bank. Advanced Automated Bank System Goes Live in Norway In March 1988, Fellesdata AS, an advanced, integrated, automatic banking system, went live in Norway. The NCR system includes a network of 16,000 terminals located at 850 savings bank locations. The bank customer benefits from lower service charges and more efficient service, while the banks benefit from better utilization of resources, more opportunities for job rotation, and an enhanced competitive edge. Services offered include: 1. payment of travel fares, 2. hotel and restaurant payments, 3. toll booth payments, 4. business terminals offering banking and other functions, 5. issuance of bank cards, and 6. network management. The banks will offer fully automated services, such as: 1. Minibanks installed at central points in the community, 2. payment of fuel and associated goods, 3. electronic funds transfer at the point of sale (EFTPOS) terminals for payment of goods and services, and 4. a synthetic voice system. With the system, bank employees can provide all services from one wor kstation. The system includes transaction handling of deposits and withdrawals, loans, and credits. Stress Management Training in the Banking Profession Mirabile, Richard J. said that Stress exists when the demands of a situation outweigh the available resources, thereby requiring adaptation or readjustment. A seminar was conducted to provide stress management training to a group of banking professionals in a medium-sized, Midwestern bank. The premise was to identify the primary sources of stress within the profession and to develop a set of strategies designed to deal with each stressor identified. A pre-session questionnaire asked respondents to list what they felt to be the primary obstacles to successful job performance. The stressors listed were placed in 4 groups depending upon their frequency. The most frequent stressor was customer demands/contact. The 2nd phase of the seminar involved addressing specific stressors by suggesting possible methods for effectively managing that stressor. Relaxation techniques were presented to participants to supplement the verbal content of the stress management concept. Small Bank Computer Systems-The Practicalities of Control Tarwater, Joan. In the small computer systems of many banks, traditional electronic data processing (EDP) controls are lacking because either there is no clear separation of duties or resources are limited. This necessitates more active involvement within the top levels of bank management in understanding the capabilities and limits of the data processing function. This involvement represents the best alternative to the formal, traditional controls that may be absent. The computer environments, the audit, the separation of duties represent 3 critical areas where alternative controls need to be developed. Security measures, such as no smoking in the computer room may be amended, for example, to allow smoking in certain areas of the room. Audit duties may be divided between the controller and his secretary and an annual external audit may be instituted. Alternative controls to separation of duties may include job rotation, or increased top-level management in the daily operations of th e data processing function. Rx for Worn-Out Bank Managers Deeney, Jack. American Bankers Association. ABA Banking Journal Deeney, Jack. For companies with increasing numbers of middle- and senior-level managers who do not seem to care anymore, executive rehabilitation should be considered. People are an organizations most valuable resource. A large portion of worn-out managers are the result of technological bypass. Middle- and senior-level managers do not automatically progress through the stages involved in implementing new technologies. They become overwhelmed and confused when they are left behind. Top management must be committed to the rejuvenation of its managers, who need to feel they are important and that they have an opportunity to grow and advance. The managerial personality needs both feedback and challenge. Programs should be directed toward the retention of key executives and the remotivation of marginal performers. The best methods for accomplishing these objectives include: 1. outside training, 2. importing outside experts, 3. apprenticeship with a senior-level manager, 4. restructuring responsibility, 5. job rotation, and 6. multi-level review Floor discussion of Labor Market Responses to a Change in Economic System, by Flanagan . The World HYPERLINK http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?RQT=318pmid=13775TS=1272465813clientId=129893VInst=PRODVName=PQDVType=PQDBankHYPERLINK http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?RQT=318pmid=13775TS=1272465813clientId=129893VInst=PRODVName=PQDVType=PQD Research Observer. In a discussion of Flanagans article, Labor Market Responses to a Change in Economic System, the question was raised as to why unemployment is so high in Central and Eastern Europe and so much lower in the countries of the former Soviet Union, where wages seem to have taken the brunt of adjustment. According to Richard Layard, wage flexibility exists in countries of the former Soviet Union because the workers position relative to management is weak, which has lead to more job rotation than in other countries. Layard mentioned a wage subsidy for downsizing, that is, to limit cyclical employment. Based on US experience with subsidies targeted to particular groups of workers, Flanagan was not convinced that paying the subsidy to the employer gets around the problem, because for some problems the employers choose not to use the subsidy. Flanagan realizes that it was an item of faith in the active labor market community that targeting increases efficiency, but there is at least some evide nce from US targeted wage subsidy programs that targeting may facilitate adverse signaling. The trader: The bulls charge into cyclical stocks, tech shares rally smartly and utilities go begging Bary, Andrew. Barrons. New York, The panic that sent the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunging 171 points a week ago Friday lifted by the following Monday morning, enabling the stock market to regain at least the appearance of its old health. Nearly all the Dows gains came Monday when the average surged 110 points, its 3rd-largest point rise ever. That rapid recovery only reinforced the view among many investors that selloffs are no longer the dreaded events of old but are to be welcomed as a buying opportunity in a great bull market. Out of portfolios went drug companies and makers of household products, along with banks and utilities, and in their place came a host of cyclical industries, including chemicals, aluminum, autos, retailers and technology. DuPont rose 5 1/8 to 81 1/4, while Caterpillar advanced 4 3/4 to 72, and Sears Roebuck added 4 1/4 to 50 1/8. IBM gained 5 5/8 to 119 7/8. The Dows biggest looser was Merck, down 2 1/4 to 62 1/8. Training employees of a public Iranian bank on emotional intelligence competencies Mina Dadehbeigi, Melika Shirmohammadi. Journal of European Industrial Training. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility of developing emotional intelligence (EI) as conceptualized in Boyatzis et al.s competency model. Design/methodology/approach Designing a context-based EI training program, the study utilized a sample of 68 fully-employed members of five branches of a public bank in Iran; each branch underwent an eight-week (each session 120 minutes) EI training program. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to assess EI development using emotional competence inventory (ECI-2), a 360-degree measurement tool. Findings Only one EI cluster out of four improved significantly and only some of the specific dimensions showed this significant improvement, while others did not have a clear change and even some self assessments deteriorated. Research limitations/implications Lack of a control group, small sample size, and short training program are the main limitations of this study. Practical implications Detailed explanation of the method could be a g uide for service organizations that wish to improve EI. Originality/value Because of the lack of empirical studies in this field of research, the paper reports the results of a pre-/post study on EI training and development and sets out to add to this narrow literature. 10. BUSINESS LINE: India: MAs seem a reality among public sector banks Businessline. Chennai: Nov 19, 2000 After a successful three-year stint at the helm of the Punjab and Sind Bank (PSB), which turned around sustainably, Mr. Surinder Singh Kohli took over as Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of the Punjab National Bank (PNB) in April. A mechanical engineer from the Benares Hindu University, Mr. Kohli is also Chairman of the Indian Banks Association (IBA) and the acting Chairman and Managing Director of the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). In a candid interview with Business Line, Mr. Kohli discussed the various issues affecting the banking industry. VRS is not the only method to improve productivity. It is one measure to right-size banks and may increase productivity. Besides the VRS, it is necessary to augment HRD activities, including job rotation, changes in the performance appraisal system and provide incentives that would improve the motivation of bank employees. In the PNB, the VRS is open from November 1-30, and action on the VRS requests will be taken there after. Overall, more emphasis has to be placed on training. We have 10 training centres, a Regional Staff College at Panchukula and an apex college at Delhi. Two more regional training centres are coming up at Thane in Mumbai, and in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. They will bolster the banks existing training capacity. The annual expenditure on training is about Rs 10 crore. Measures such as performance appraisals, career- path and succession planning and the introduction of non-monetary incentives to the staff are being initiated to augment HRD activities. REFRENCES: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_rotation http://www.alagse.com/hr/hr9.php http://www.citehr.com/1205-eight-points-you-need-consider-about-job-rotation.html http://www.allbusiness.com/services/educational-services/4286266-1.html http://www.docstoc.com/docs/24775105/JOB-ROTATION-AND-TRANSFER/ http://hrmba.blogspot.com/2009/11/job-rotation-and-transfer.html

Leadership in Ford

Influence of organizational contexts on leadership in Ford in the US and Europe. Introduction Nowadays organizational context is very important, because leaders have to make decisions relying on big amounts of information, which changes every day. Moreover depending on various situations leadership theories work different, it makes hard to predict the consequences of decisions relying only on theory. Depending on organizational context different leadership style can be used.Throughout the history of Ford, company distinguished itself by iron control of Henry Ford the first and the second. Their â€Å"great man† approach brought success to Ford, but eventually this approach became ineffective due to globalization and changing environment. This resulted in the need for followers of Henry Ford the second to introduce the big change for company, change in leadership approach and organizational culture. In addition Ford opened branches almost all over the world, so new approaches, vision and leadership is needed.This essay will cover questions about different styles of leadership in Ford in the US and Europe, key contextual issues that impact on strategic leadership in Ford and will consider main contextual challenges for Ford leaders. Depending on the context effective leader must be able to adopt his style to the demands and changing environment (Northouse, 2010). Question one The contextual issues significantly impact on strategic leadership. Two main contextual issues that impact on strategic leadership in Ford organizational culture and national culture.Organisational culture is a set of moral precepts, values, norms of behaviour in particular company accepted by members (Besanko et al, 2010). National culture is a set of values, rules, customs, traditions shared by people speaking the same language and having similar mindsets and moral principles (Northouse, 2010). Globalization has created many challenges for organizations including effective selection of leaders, adaptation to many cultures, creation of different approaches to nationally various employees (Northouse, 2010).It became necessary for top managers to take into consideration peculiarities, mentality, values and characteristics of different cultures to develop business abroad, because many problems in relationships between people can occur due to variations in norms, habits and values (Needle, 2004). Ford was not an exception and needed to turn the company around. As a company that was operating not only in US, but also in Europe and still doing it, Ford had to create unique strategy and organizational culture for both areas, which differ from each other.To build a successful strategy it is necessary to know national features of countries where organization is going to operate. According to GLOBE researchers who identified 10 clusters of countries (depending on cultural data), US were set into Anglo cluster and Europe was divided into four clusters: Eastern Europe, Lat in Europe, Germanic Europe and Nordic Europe (House, et al, 2004). These clusters have their own characteristics affecting leadership in particular areas, so demands for leaders in these clusters are different. Two describe how different cultures view leadership behaviors in others GLOBE researchers identified six global leadership behaviors†(House & Javidan, 2004 in Northouse, 2010, p. 348). First is charismatic/value-based leadership that includes being decisive, self-denying and performance oriented, being a motivator and inspirer (Northouse, 2010). Second is team-oriented leadership that includes team building, establishing common goals and such characteristics as diplomacy, collaboration (Northhouse, 2010). Third is participative leadership that means degree to which leader involves employees in decision-making ( Northouse, 2010).Next is â€Å"humane-oriented leadership that emphasizes being supportive, considerate, compassionate, and generous (Northouse, 2010, p. 348). Last is self-protective management that puts on top leaders who are face saving, conflict, aware of their status (Northouse, 2010). In that way Anglo countries including US want leaders to be charismatic, humane-oriented, extremely motivating and visionary, democratic, moreover leaders have to focus on team and to be independent (Northouse, 2010). For this reason Don Petersen and Harold `Red’ Poling with their mindsets perfectly corresponded this requirements.Europe, divided into 4 clusters has its own characteristics, but they are more complex due to peculiarities of clusters. Ideally it is better to have a particular approach for each cluster, nevertheless there are some common requirements for leaders in Europe such as charismatic and value-based person (Norhouse, 2010). As Ford has its offices and plants in Germany, England, Romania, Russia, Belgium, Spain, France and Turkey, it is necessary to consider Latin Europe cluster, Eastern Europe cluster and Germanic Europe clus ter. There are three branches in Germanic cluster: two in Germany and one in Belgium.For this cluster ideal leader is expected to be charismatic, inspirational and autonomous, to have participative style, to focus on team (Northouse, 2010). Two branches are located in Latin Europe Cluster: one in Spain and one in France. In this cluster leader has to be team oriented as well, has to be participative and self-oriented (Northouse, 2010). Two more branches operate in Russia and Romania. For the Eastern European countries it is necessary for leader to have self-protective leadership style, to be team-oriented, to make decisions independently (Nothouse, 2010).All this factors and characteristics of clusters make it very complex to find perfect leadership style, nevertheless there are some points of contact between these clusters. Moreover GLOBE identified 22 leadership attributes that are universally desirable (House, et al, 2004, p. 39). As a result leader is a person who is honest, cha rismatic, value-based and team-oriented (Dorfman et al. , 2004, in Northouse, 2010). In addition Hofstede (2010, in Needle, 2004) identified 5 characteristics on which countries differ from each other. Power distance is the extent to which members of society accept that power is distributed unequally† (Needle, 2004, p. 148). It was found that in France for example power distance is large, on the contrary Germany and the USA, where power distance is small. Individualistic societies are the US and the UK, but Germany and France have also high rate of individualism (Needle, 2004). It means that these countries prefer more to look â€Å"after yourself or your immediate family group† (Needle, 2004, p. 149). â€Å"Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which members of society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty† (Needle, 2004, p. 49). According to Hofstede (1994, in Needle, 2004) France and Germany tend to be more anxious about the future than UK and US. Masculine soc ieties like USA, UK and Germany used to prefer material success and achievement, while France is more anxious about quality of life and equality between sexes (Needle, 2004). Long-term orientation is not common neither in Germany, or US and UK, so these countries more used to short-term strategies (Needle, 2004). Taking all this facts into consideration becomes clear it is not easy to find appropriate leader for multinational companies like Ford.Leadership style has to be very adaptable and leader has to be competent and skilful. Organizational cultures in Europe and US were different and impacted leadership style in particular way. In US reorganized organizational culture, which was based on employee involvement and participative management demanded leadership style, based on participation, team-orientation, humane-orientation, such qualities as visionary, motivation and inspiration were necessary for leader. In Europe organizational culture has to be perfectly balanced due to the difference in national cultures.In that way organizational culture context in Ford in Europe is closely linked with national culture context and it is very complex mission for leaders to create strong organizational culture in Europe. It is not good for company, if its organizational culture is weak, because it â€Å"sets the scene for the determination of strategy and hence the operational aspects of organizational life† (Needle, 2004, p. 238). Question two There were different contextual challenges for leaders in Ford in Europe and US as a result they managed with them in a different way.One of the most important challenges for leaders in Ford in the US and Europe was getting power in company and control over staff. Power in terms of leadership means â€Å"capacity or potential to influence† (Northouse, 2010, p. 8). They all had position power and it was necessary for them to strengthen their positions in company by getting more power. Petersen with his leadership st yle engaged people feelings, introduced participative management and managed to strengthen his position in company by this approach.This approach perfectly corresponded to main values of Ford, because Petersen obtained ideas and opinions of employees, integrated their suggestions into top decision-making (Northouse, 2010). As a result he got not only position power, but also a personal power. It made possible to influence followers as they saw him as knowledgeable and likable (Northouse, 2010). Moreover it helped him to bring control over employees, who were happy, because they could participate in top-decision making.From that moment he knew the ideas of his followers, and he was using them in the interests of Ford. While Don Petersen was using participative leadership and reshaping goals of employees through mission of Ford, Harold `Red’ Poling was controlling final goal setting. Petersen and Poling managed to brought to Ford’s top team an intuitive and feeling appro ach to decision-making, something which is rarely found at that level (Starkey, 1996, p. 379), because participative leadership and management helps employees learn what leads to what (House & Mitchell, 1974, p. 92, in Northouse, 2010).As Peterson and Poling received more power and control over their followers, there was no need to find new cadres, this resulted in formation of strong team, which was easy to lead. Billy Hayden, Europe’s Vice President of Manufacturing was in other situation. He had to get used to peculiarities of leading in Europe and to adopt his own leadership style. Moreover the situation was more complex than in the US due to high standards of the main rival Toyota. Billy Haeden was going to change behavioural patterns and mindsets in Ford in Europe, but nothing really changed.It caused many problems afterwards. As a result there was no strong team with an intuitive and feeling approach to decision-making which was needed even more than in the US, his lea dership style was backward looking, so the whole organization was not able to compete with Toyota. The only power he had was legitimate power, and without balance like in case with Harold `Red’ Poling and Don Petersen, he was using it in a wrong way. Billy Hayden did not managed to create strong team, because he has given a steady turnover of top cadres and nobody could be a counterbalance for him.Eventually the change in organization, which brought success to Ford in the US, was introduced in Europe, but it was too late. Moreover values, mindsets, norms, patterns that were introduced in the US should be adapted to Europe and leadership style of Billy Hayden did not match these approach. Conclusion Organizational context became very important to every leader, manager and company on the whole. Without taking into consideration organizational context it is very hard and risky for any leader to make important decisions and lead company to success.Organizational contexts influenc e on leadership style, and depending on different peculiarities of context, appropriate leadership style can be chosen. Due to globalization culture context has great impact on leadership style, it became necessary for leader to know main features of mentality of nation in country, where he operates. Ford as a company, which has its branches almost all over the world, faced challenges and it was crucial to find a leader with appropriate leadership style. Don Petersen and Harold `Red’ Poling with their tandem led Ford US to success mostly due to perfect balance of power and participative management.Their style perfectly matched need of Ford in visionary leadership with necessary control. Petersen and Poling also showed the importance of power context. They managed to use not only position power, but personal power as well. Billy Hayden was in different situation, he did not managed to get personal power, and as a result he did not create a strong team, he did not adopt to the national cultures and his leadership style was not able to bring success. These situation emphases on the importance of cultural context, if company operates worldwide.Reference list Besanko, D. , Dranove, D. , Shanley, M. , Schaefer, S. , (2010). Economics of strategy, John Wiley & Sons House, R. J. , Hanges, P. J. , Javidan, M. , Dorfman, P. W. , Gupta, V. , & Associates (Eds. ). (2004). Culture, leadeeship, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Needle, D. , (2004). Business in context, an introduction to business and its environment, Thomson Learning, London. Northouse, P. G. , (2010) Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

English as a Second Language Essay

The United States has long been viewed as the Land of Opportunity for many decades. Despite the numerous challenges that the country had to face within the recent years, this image of the United States has not wavered. Hundreds of thousands of people from all over the world continue to flock to the United States to try their luck, and to provide their children a brighter future than what they could ever have in their respective countries of origin. The continuous stream of immigrants into the country, and the fact that most of these immigrants come from countries where English is not the national language, it is no longer difficult to come across an individual in the streets who either speaks no English or has a limited mastery of the language. This is despite the fact that there has now been a rise in the number of countries that have now started programs to help train the younger generations, and even adults, to become fluent and adept to speaking, reading and writing in the English language. In many states in the country, particularly those located along the U. S. – Mexico border, the number of individuals who are unable to speak, read, write English fluently outnumber those that do (Carreira 2000; Lipski 2004; U. S. English Foundation 2005). As a result, the U. S. government has taken measures to establish a set of guidelines and standards for faculty teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) in schools within the United States, especially in public school systems situated in areas within the U. S. – Mexico border such as South Texas. This paper aims to present and evaluate the standards that have been applied in the country with regards to the teaching of ESL in schools in the United States. The paper would also present the ideal classroom setting, standards and method of teaching of ESL in school facilities in the country. These ideal standards would then be compared to the current standards and methods that is observable in ESL teaching facilities in the country. Based on the discrepancies, recommendations would then be provided at the end of the paper in order to ensure that the ideal standards are realized. The Academic Achievement Gap Issue In order to understand the importance of the evaluation of the standards and method of teaching ESL in classrooms implemented by the U. S. government, a background on the different events that have led to the creation and implementation of these standards should first be provided. The population of students enrolling in school systems around the country has been dramatically changing since the 1990s. Because of the rise of the number of immigrants relocating in the United States, the ethnic backgrounds and origins of these students have become more diverse such that the ratio of the number of native English speakers in classrooms against non-English speakers is 1:10 (Short 2000). The diversification of the students in terms of their ethnic backgrounds has resulted to an observable division between English-speaking and non-English-speaking students, particularly when it comes to the level of their performance in academics. Research studies have shown that non-native English-speaking students constantly struggle in achieving the same academic performance and standing as compared to their native English-speaking peers, which has come to be known as the Academic Achievement Gap. Based on the studies conducted in reference to determining the factors which has resulted to the presence of this gap between students in school systems of all year levels, researchers have determined that the primary factor for the presence of this gap is due to the lack of proficiency of the English language on the part of the non-native English-speaking students (Jia, Eslami & Burlbaw 2006; Lavin-Loucks 2006; Rumberger & Anguiano 2003). The Implementation of ESL Standards Since its discovery, the U. S. government has made addressing the Academic Achievement Gap one of its major concerns. This has then resulted to the passing of the Educate America Act in order to cater to the needs of non-native English-speaking students to increase the standards of their academic performance within the classroom. As a result of the passing of this act, the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (TESOL) developed a set of guidelines to serve as standards which would be implemented within the classroom setting (Short 2000). Altogether, there are nine ESL guidelines that have been established by TESOL to be implemented in academic institutions throughout the country. These guidelines were created in order to meet three specific objectives. The first of these three objectives is to provide non-native English-speaking students the ability to communicate within their social settings. Because of their limited mastery of the English language, non-native English-speaking students become withdrawn and non-participative in classroom discussions. Through the ESL standards established by TESOL, these students would be able to develop speech act behaviors which would, in turn, allow them to participate more during class discussions, comprehend the subject matter being discussed by the instructor and be able to convey themselves during social settings (Hafemik, Messerchmitt & Vandrick 2002; Short 2000). The second objective is to allow non-native English-speaking students the ability to achieve and excel within the academic institution. Regardless of the ethnic background of the students being handled, the expectations held by instructors to their students remain the same. By being able to provide the needs of non-native English-speaking students, they would be able to meet these expectations which include the completion of assignments through both written and oral methods (Hafemik, Messerschmitt & Vandrick 2002). The third objective TESOL aims to achieve through the implementation of ESL standards in academic institutions in the United States is to provide non-native English-speaking students the ability to use the English language in a manner that would be considered by their native English-speaking peers as socially and culturally correct. While it is true that a number of immigrants relocating in the United States have some form of mastery of written and oral English, the manner as to how the language is used by such immigrants may be considered by native English-speaking individuals to be rude and unacceptable. As such, the guidelines established by TESOL aims to correct the misuse of the English language in this manner by guiding non-native English-speaking students not just in becoming fluent and adept to the English language. The guidelines and standards would also aid in the teaching of the proper means of communicating using the English language such that their native English-speaking peers would regard as proper and appropriate (Short 2000).

Student - 613 Words

Extra Credit PAYAM FAKERI I will like to prove my idea and agree with Piketty’s idea that the riches get richer and poor get poorer, particularly in a bad recession. My focus of my statement will be based on United States market; As we all know US economy is based of capitalism system; That means there are lots of money available thought wealthy major capital holders that they are not even more than 10% of the population of the US. Pickettys premise is that capitalism has a natural drift toward income inequality because assets like stock and real estate tend to grow in value faster than the economy as a whole. Piketty’s inequality theory is based on a formula he calls â€Å"R gt; G,† meaning that the return on capital wealth exceeds the†¦show more content†¦In a recent economy crises; they are many companies ( investors ) that they are rich and have capital; they try to offer a loan at the very fast way if someone needs CASH; by having then sign a contract with the interest rate of 112% against their vehicle ( title loan). So investors get richer and poor people that ding to have $2000 cash get poorer. It can be even related to taxes – Richer get richer, pay less but regular person pays more, because rich can hire a CPA or go to professional accounting firm at the higher rate per hour or case but and middle class person just go to ordinary places to file his tax and probably ending up to pay more taxes. In general; the riches in this case (Person holding capital) has always have more investment opportunity, more chance to get the high line of credit, loans at the very reasonable rates from other investors, banks or lenders and the reason is they are strong, low debt ratio and more supportive financial statements while a poor person won’t have any of thoseShow MoreRelatedThe Cohort Of Student Students1421 Words   |  6 Pagesdecades. All through China, students start in a school are place into classes and they reside in those classes in the company of each other for the whole time in that school except higher tests, which allow them to shift to a more superior group. It is understood in the Chinese structure that this grouping of students will deal with all of their subjects mutually. While in America, these types of student groups do not exist into classes. Instead, the thirty students that are together for Math classRead MoreStudent Leadership And The Student Association For Chinese University Students1468 Words   |  6 PagesStudents attending universities, with the emphasis switching from only focusing on academic experience to combining academic and social performance together. This study is an investigation of the GPA, family background and demographic predictors of being leaders in the student association for Chinese university students in elite universities. Questionnaires data were collected from 1661 students in four elite universities in 2013 to 2015. The GPA was identified as the most significant predictor ofRead MoreStudent Loan System For College Students1212 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Loan System Throughout the ages, society has evolved to overcome the challenges it faces from one generation to the next, by learning and advancing further than the previous ones. It has undergone a vast number of changes; however, mankind has never undermined the importance and necessity of a complex and well-educated society. Moreover, it is the duty of each one of us to make sure that the next generation takes a step further than the previous one. With this in mind, society has understoodRead MoreStudent Loan System For College Students1212 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Loan System Throughout the ages, society has evolved to overcome the challenges it faces from one generation to the next, by learning and advancing further than the previous ones. It has undergone a vast number of changes; however, mankind has never undermined the importance and necessity of a complex and well-educated society. Moreover, it is the duty of each one of us to make sure that the next generation takes a step further than the previous one. With this in mind, society has understoodRead MoreHelping Other Students On Young Students918 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper is an attempt to assist other students on how to become successful in college. There is a lot of pressure in college and course topics may seem difficult to understand or retain but there is always assistance in your college. The first topic I would like to cover is stress. Here is something to keep in mind if stress occurs. Did you know that stress could make you lose your short term and a long-term memory? Well it ca n. Therefore, in order to think clearly, to learn while in classRead MoreStress Student959 Words   |  4 Pagesinformative speech Purpose:   To inform the audience about student stress.   Thesis:   Today I will discuss about sources and effects of student stress and efficient ways to manage this emotional and physical strain. Organizational Pattern:   I. Introduction    A. Attention Getter   According to the Student Living Report 2002, an ongoing survey of student experiences carried out by MORI for the UNITE Group, more than half of students (53%) said they had become more stressed since startingRead MoreStudent Loans449 Words   |  2 PagesStudent Loans The federal government has the power to cutback the funding of student loans. There are several different ways the government can go about doing this. One way is to keep the amount of each loan the same and reduce the number of loans granted. Another option the government has is to reduce the amount of each loan and issue the same number as in the past. Either way, students that belong to a low-income family will be greatly affected. Cutbacks in the funding of student loansRead MoreInternational Students And The International Student951 Words   |  4 Pagesthought been an international student? If not you need to be well prepared to know about their issues and problems during their study life. International students who are seeking for the best education have specific needs and services. Every international institution or university must be aware of the international students requirements such as information about the city, the housing and the fees. There are many authentica ted surveys have shown that the major student enrollment to the united sateRead MoreEffectiveness Of Peer Support And Student Engagement On Student Success1406 Words   |  6 PagesExamining Student Success: The effectiveness of Peer support and Student Engagement on Student Success The use of peer-leader instructional learning (PIL), has been shown to be positively correlated with improving student self-efficacy, learning, grades, and confidence in past research (Hughes, 2011). However, most of this research has been carried out in Science, Technology Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) courses (e.g. upper level physics courses) (Murray, 2011). More research is needed in orderRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Asian Students And United States Students985 Words   |  4 Pageswith a student’ education. There are so many uses for technology that can show beneficial for both Asian students and United States students. Throughout the United States there is a wide variety of technology available for teachers. Mathematics Analysis Software, like scientific calculators, function graphers, and geometry packages are made available for students. Since the 1990’s a change in mathematics education has taken place because of the implementation of new ways to hel p students understand

Definition Of Time Of Flight Essay - 1080 Words

3.0 DISTANCE SENSORS – RISHI SHARMA This section provides details about the distance sensors which are part of the VIBA system as seen in Figure 2.1 above. Section 3.1 pertains to the method of which the distance sensors of the VIBA calculate the distance between the cyclist and the edge of the track using the principle known as time-of-flight. Section 3.2 pertains to the method of which the distance sensors maintain accuracy around the track using the principle known as retroreflection. 3.1 How the Sensors Determine Distance Section 3.1.1 contains a definition of time-of-flight. Section 3.1.2 pertains to how the distance sensors of the VIBA use the time-of-flight principle. Section 3.1.3 contains a sample calculation using a scenario where a track bike is fitted with the VIBA on a velodrome. 3.1.1 Definition of time-of-flight Time-of-flight is a principle used for measuring the distance between a sensor and an object, based on the time difference between the emission of a signal and its return to the sensor, after being reflected by an object. The graph shown in Figure 3.1 below represents what the sensor is recording. Figure 3.1: Graphic Representation of Distance Sensor Data [Rishi Sharma] The sensor releases a pulse of light, known as the trigger, and computes the time taken for the signal to be received. The distance the signal has travelled can be directly calculated from this data. Light and sound are the most common types of signals used with this technique [1].Show MoreRelatedFlight Into Known Icing By The Federal Aviation Administration ( Faa )1747 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract During this research paper we will be looking into the definition of flight into known icing as it’s described by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with special emphasis on the word known or forecasted icing as a legal requirement for both pilots and aircraft. We will look at aircraft systems designed for such operations and we will be analyzing the misunderstanding that many pilots have about this issue. One of the biggest misconceptions is that an aircraft equipped with deicingRead MoreSong Of Solomon By Toni Morrison1364 Words   |  6 Pagestheir lives. An infatuation with the wonders of flight as a form of escape, is frequently juxtaposed with the desire to fight, choosing confrontation by remaining on the ground and facing the problems at hand. However, this â€Å"fight or flight† response, as it has been coined, has become an oversimplification of the way humans react in the face of adversity. It fails to recognize that paradoxically, sometimes the only way to fight back is by taking flight and soaring. Song of Solomon by Toni MorrisonRead MoreThe Implementation Of Yield Management1029 Words   |  5 Pagessuggesting some advantages and disadvantages of using this system in the airline industry. This essay will be conducted as follows: 2.The definition of Yield management 3. Yield management techniques 4.Yield management problems 5.Evaluation (the advantages and disadvantages of using Yield management system in Airline companies) and 6.Conclusion. 2.The definition of Yield management: Yield management is a system that aims to generate as much income as possible from a perishable product before it perishesRead MoreOpening Our Eyes to Fatigue and Its Role in the Crash of American Airlines Flight 14201772 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Transportation Safety Board’s (NTSB) Aviation Accident Database lists over six dozen reports in the past 20 years where flight crew fatigue was determined to be a contributing factor in the accident. This constitutes an average of over three accidents per year as a result of flight crew fatigue. The crash of American Airlines Flight 1420 in Little Rock, Arkansas, on 01 June 1999 cited impaired crew performance resulting from fatigue as being the most prevalent of three factors leadingRead MoreWhy Should Spatial Disorientation Be Prevented?1645 Words   |  7 PagesSPATIAL DISORIENTATION BE PREVENTED? Spatial Disorientation can be very dangerous when experienced in-flight for civil aviation or military aviation. In order to understand perfectly why prevention of spatial disorientation is mandatory, one of the main priorities is to understand the definition for ‘spatial disorientation’ in terms of aviation. When it comes to the definition, it can have a few definitions. It can be known as a condition where the pilot fails to match the perception of direction withRead MoreAerospace Engineering1588 Words   |  7 PagesWilbur Wright were two ordinary men with a dream, their dream was to fly. The brother’s fascination with flight all started with a fixation over a rubber band powered flying toy that they received as a gift from their father Milton Wright (â€Å"First Flight†). The brother’s weren’t educated enough to become scientists like most others who were trying achieve flight at the time. They learned from their observations as well as the mistakes of others to create the world’s first successfulRead MoreReflection Paper On Thanksgiving716 Words   |  3 Pagesis the perfect time to count our blessings and give thanks for all of them. Perhaps a year of headline-grabbing stories that occupied our time and attention made it seem like the holiday season crept up on us faster than usual. Its stunning to think that the New Year is just around the corner! This year has reminded us how swiftly circumstances can change and how quickly our possessions can be stripped from beneath us. We have all taken for granted safety and security at times, and rested assuredRead MoreForeign Earned Income Exclusion Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesInternational pilots, flight attendants and cruise ship employees earn income like salary and wages while working abroad. Most of them might assume that they earn foreign income. As such, under Sec. 911(e), they are eligible to elect the foreign income exclusion on the United States (U.S.) expatriate tax return. However, taxpayers should first determine the source of their income by dividing their earnings based on (1) hours spent in the U.S and the airspace over the U.S.; (2) hours spent in foreignRead MoreFlight Attendants : A Every Day For Five Days Every Week1295 Words   |  6 Pagesdays every week is not exactly the definition of a fun job. Traveling the world and seeing a new place every week is. Most people dream of doing that but they do not have the time or the money for it. How about a job that pays people to travel? Yes, flight attendants. Flight attendants career is a growing one because it not only has a flexible schedule, but also pays handsomely for the person to travel and discover the world. This career has come a long way. Flight attendants are mostly women and theyRead MoreDelta Air Lines Airport Airspace Capacity Case Study1284 Words   |  5 Pages Ivanpah Valley, KLAS, Las Vegas, McCarran International Airport Allegiant Air Airport and Airspace Case Study Introduction Allegiant Air’s low cost business model is to shuttle tourists from smaller markets to leisure destinations via direct flights (Company Profile, n.d.). Allegiant considers their tourist destinations (Oakland, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, San Diego, Palm Springs, Honolulu, Maui, Myrtle Beach, Orlando, Tampa Bay, Fort Meyers, and Fort Lauderdale) as their focus areas (Allegiant

Christian Counseling and Secular Psychology - 1320 Words

Theory Critique In our fast passed and ever changing society, personal experiences built up over time and often make life difficult to deal with over time. Everyone has their own prospective on what is important and how they will tackle various problems they face from day to day. It is the responses to our harsh environment and experiences that can often manifest into feelings such as: anxiety, resentment and possibly guilt (Crabb, 1977). It is those that have negative experiences in life that seek out the help of counselors, to better understand and change the root of those problems. Each Christian counselor must carefully research and develop a counseling model which best aligns with their education level and spiritual beliefs.†¦show more content†¦Dr. Hawkins (2014) counseling model takes from several counseling models to include Crabb’s (1977) and McMinn (1996). Hawkins developed his model as a result of his quest to be following the scripture while staying t rue to revelations of psychological theories. His model concentrates on five concentric circles that lay out the image of self and the outside environment that tends to effect the development of personality. The innermost circle is what Hawkins identifies as the core of a person. It contains the â€Å"human spirit, the image of God, sins or the person’s sinful nature, and breath of life† (Hawkins, 2014). For a Christian their inner circle should also contain the Holy Spirit, which becomes a major influence not only in life but in the development of their personality. The next level Hawkins identifies as the soul. This circle contains elements such as the conscious and a person’s feelings and emotions. Moving outward to the next level you will find the physical body and then on to the temporal systems. The temporal systems include friends, family, co-workers, church and government; groups that a person would interact with on a daily basis. The last circle represents supernatural elements of a person’s life, to include: angels, demons, the devil andShow MoreRelatedThe Integration Perspective And The Christian Psychology Perspective913 Words   |  4 PagesWithin the psychology field and in society, there is a common belief that theological principles, scripture, Christianity, and psychological principles are not compatible. Instead they believe that modern psychology is secular, scientific, and sacrilegious. However, many Christian psychologists and counselors, organizations and associations such as the Society for Christian Psychology, are striving to unite, integrate and incorporate Christian values, principles and knowledge into modern psychologicalRead MoreAdams vs Backus Chapian Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity Counseling 507, Theology amp; Spirituality in Counseling Dr. Ben Omungu February 4, 2012 Theory Critique of Adams vs. Backus amp; Chapian: How to help people change by Dr. Jay E. Adams and Telling yourself the truth by Dr. William Backus and Marie Chapian. There are many views held among Christian counselors about how to Scripturally approach changing human behavior. For some who seek to base the motivation for change on Biblical grounds, an approach to counseling is geared towardRead MoreIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and Contrast Paper Jeremiah Barwick Liberty CCOU 201 In this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities between Larry Crabb’s biblical model of counseling, theories, and techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). All of these theories are a form of psychotherapy. Couselors today use techniques such as pharmacologicalRead MoreEssay about Contrast Effective Biblical Counseling Concepts1412 Words   |  6 PagesIn order for Biblical counseling to be effective, a counselor must be completely prepared to work in the ministry of helping others. Beyond the worldly challenges, a Christian counselor also faces humanistic therapeutic false views of secular therapy. Christian counselors maintain a focal point in guiding people to living a life that is full of spiritual richness and maturity. Yet, secular therapist focuses on self-gratification and self-actualization. As Christian ministry helpers, you must beRead MoreIntegrative Counseling : Christian Based Counseling1102 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrative Counseling Then there is integrative counseling which is still Christian based counseling but it tries to pull together the religious values , morals , and lessons from the Old and New Testament and bring them together with the application of various methods and ideas from traditional psychology. It is not merely a tie in with traditional psychology because it is an attempt to use all the knowledge to improve upon the basic structure of traditional Christian counseling by making itRead More4-Mat-Review1471 Words   |  6 Pages4-MAT-Entwistle Alton Dawson Liberty University 4-MAT-Entwistle Entwistle’s concept on psychology and Christianity allows the student to foster a better understanding the importance of integrating the concepts of science (psychology) and religion. In the book the author’s opinion of integrating psychology and Christianity is displayed to possess the client’s understanding that science and religion when integrated will promote a higher probability of healing. Christianity has been a part ofRead MoreCritique of Crabb Hawkins738 Words   |  3 PagesA Critique of Two Theories Betty Finney Liberty University COUN 507 Summary Dr. Crabb ‘s model integrates theology and psychology and refers to it as, â€Å"Spoiling the Egyptians (Crabb, 1977). His approach geared more to sound biblical principles and doctrine. I researched â€Å"Spoiling the Egyptians†, as to, I was curious about the scripture base. Spoiling the Egyptians refers to Exodus 12:40-42, as God watched over the Israelites as they went through the wildernessRead MoreFree Essay Is a Scam1711 Words   |  7 Pagesperson as an aggregation of atoms, an open biochemical system in interaction with the environment, a specimen of homo sapiens, an object of beauty, someone who needs deserve my respect and compassion, a brother for whom Christ died. Myers believes Christians must appreciate the essential role of science in nuturing curiosity and humility. This will put a wrongheaded notion about existence to an empirical test. The levels-of-explanation view believes humans are best understood in terms of hierarchy ofRead MoreThe Integration Of Psychology And Christianity1679 Words   |  7 Pagesintegration of psychology and Christianity text is about the differences between both psychology and Christianity and whether or not they can co-exist. David Entwistle says that â€Å"Primarily psychology and Christianity are perceived by many people to be in opposition† (Entwistle, 2010). The text allows us to take a look at both disciplines and look at them separately yet together. It provides the opportunity for the reader to look at multiple examples of ways that theology and psychology can work togetherRead MoreThe Theories Of The Two Directions Psychology And Theology1268 Words   |  6 PagesEntwistle addresses the concept of the two directions psychology and theology. He addresses the two concepts by bringing in other scholarly professors information and principally integrating it with Christianity. Entwistle description at the beginning of the book was very enlightening. â€Å"The scenario of â€Å"a wa lk in the woods,† (Entwistle, 2010, p.3) is a psychological theory for life choices. According to Entwistle, he describes the uniqueness that each counselor can bring to their practice. On

Marketing strategy for Bigstore

Question: You are required to write an individual marketing plan (@ 3,000) based on the simulated company. This marketing plan should follow the formal marketing plan structure. Answer: Marketing strategy for Bigstore Bigstore is UK based retailer that operates in the food and beverage industry. Over the last three years, the revenue collected by the organization has been increasing steadily: approximately 216 million pounds were generated in the final year as compared to 175.9 million pounds generated three years back (Bjelic, 2011). The gross profit of the organization as also skyrocketed in the last three years: from 29.1 million pounds to 35.8 million pounds. This success has to lead the management to re-design their business objectives: Bigstore now aims to be the largest supermarket in the United Kingdom that stocks food and beverages. In this report, a detailed market strategy has been provided that would support the mission of the organization. The situational analysis of BigStore has been discussed, along with the market objectives of Bigstore and the strategic actions that would be useful in the fulfilling the said objectives. Last but not the least, mechanisms for the control and the implementation of the marketing strategies has been discussed. 1. Strategic marketing process Presently, the management of Big makes the store aim to become the largest supermarket in the UK market regarding the total revenue generated from the sales operations. The income figures currently available to the marketing team indicate that in the past three years the sales revenue generated by the organization has been steadily increasing (Guo, Ling and Gao, 2015). Besides this, the gross income of the retail organization has also risen by an approximate amount of 6.7 million pounds in the said fiscal period. A review of the food and beverage market of United Kingdom indicates that the said market is worth of 2.2 billion. The products that earn the maximum revenue from this market come under one of the following four categories: fresh foods, beverages, kitchen cupboard items and frozen food items (Guo, Ling and Gao, 2015). Among these four types of food items, almost 60 percent of the total revenue is generated from the sale of the fresh and frozen food items. Besides this, the market is growing in each fiscal period at an average rate of 7.5 percent. The market survey also indicates that at present there are five big players in the market, each of which holds approximately 10 percent of the market share. The other half of the market is served by a large number of small retail chains and standalone shops that provide services to specific localities (Feriozzi, 2015). The management the organization is of the opinion that increasing the number of sales and the market share would be the primary target of the Big store at this point. The marketing strategy plan that has been provided in this report has thus been devised in the following objectives: To promote the sales figures of Bigstore To increase the profit percentage of Bigstore and To improve the percentage of the market share that the organization currently holds. 2. Situational Analysis 2.1 The market analysis As mentioned in the section above, five large companies currently hold almost fifty percent of the total market share (Karanja, Sma and Thuo, 2014) The present values of the market shares held by these organizations have been provided on the following table: Table 1: The market shares of the primary players Retail chain Market share Big store 10 % Drinkit 10 % Focus 10 % Green world 10 % Value shop 10 % Others 50 % Figure 1: The market share of the key players of the UK food and beverage market The market researches made by the representatives of Big store indicate that at present the food and beverage market is worth 2.2 billion pounds and the market is increasing steadily at rate of 15 percent per year. However there exists an intense competition in the market, a fact that is indicated by the same profit, sales and customer values of the above mentioned organizations. 2.2 The SWOT analysis of the Bigstore In this section of the report, we provide insight into to the strength and the weakness of the organization, the opportunities present in the market that Bigstore can take advantage of and the factors that have the potential of threatening the presence of Bigstore in the market (Ketenchyev, 2014). The Strengths of the Bigstore Brand value: Bigstore offers several products to their customers at low prices and is entirely focused on the services that they can provide to the target customer. Customer loyalty: Bigstore ensures customer loyalty by the introduction of club cards using which the clients can avail special offers, rewards, etc. The retail chain deals with a broad range of food products: the availability of a large variety of products under a single roof draws the attention of the target customers (Krstic and Becic, 2011). The steady increase in the revenue being generated by the sales team indicates that the competency of the operational departments of the organization. The utilization of sustainable technologies used the group has improved the brand value of the organization. The Weaknesses of the Bigstore In the recent past, Bigstore had experienced high employee turnover which has affected the operational activities of the organization to a large extent. At present, most of the employees working the organization are new, thus the productivity of the organization is not at the optimal state. The lawsuits with the former employees of the organization have hampered the brand value of Bigstore to a large extent. Bigstore operates in the food and the beverage industry only and does not stock products belonging to other categories (Liu and Dukes, 2015). This should be considered as weakness, as the diversification of products has been found to have helped in increasing the sales revenue of retail organizations. The Opportunities of the Bigstore There is a high demand for retail organizations that operate in the food and beverage industry. A large section of the market is still is being served by small retailers and local shops: large retail organizations like Bigstore are capable of penetrating into this section of the market. The market research performed by the organization indicated that there exist certain sections in the market in which the rate of competition is much lower as compared to the other sections (Lueg, 2015). Strengths 1. Brand value 2. Customer loyalty 3. Availability of a wide range of products under a single roof draws the attention of the target customers 4. Competency of the operational departments of the organization 5. Utilization of sustainable technologies Weaknesses 1. High employee turnover 2. Most of the employees working the organization are new. 3. Lawsuits with the former employees 4. Lack of diversification of products Opportunities 1. There is a high demand in the market for retailers like Bigstore 2. Large section of the market is still is being served by small retailers and local shops 3. Less competition in certain sections in the market Threats 1. Economic meltdown of the United Kingdom 2. Fiercer competition in the market 3. Requirements and the choices of the customers change rapidly Table 2: SWOT analysis of Bigstore (Source: Lueg, 2015, pp-67) The Threats present in the market At present, the United Kingdom is going through an economic meltdown: needless to say the bad economy would affect the business of the organization to a large extent (Sheth, 2011). The competitor organizations are implementing specific strategies for improving their sales operations. Besides this, new competitors are also emerging in market (Matsumura and Matsushima, 2015). The cumulative effect of these factors has resulted in fiercer competition in the market. The requirements and the choices of the customer tend to change rapidly. 2.3 The competitor analysis of Bigstore In this section of the report we provide an analysis of the various competitors of Bigstore who are currently operating in the same market: At present Focus leads the market in selling product to the under-aged customers. They also sell products related to toddlers and babies (Sheng and Yang, 2014). Needless to say, the organization had focused their entire marketing strategy on providing services to the under aged customer base. Drinkit is the largest seller of alcoholic drinks in the UK market, with their sales strategies focused on providing services to the adult consumers (Rodic and Budimircevic, 2011). Green World is yet another primary competitor that generates huge revenue by selling products to the adult consumers (Saaskilahti, 2015). However, the organization has a strong presence in those markets in which there is a demand for green products. On the other hand, Valueshop holds a string hold among the pensioners and is well liked in those section of the market in which there is a demand for low priced products. Marketing Objectives The SMART objectives of the marketing strategy, which is being discussed in this project, have been provided in the following section: Specific: The sales revenue of the organization has to be improved. Measurable: The sales revenue is expected to increase by 10 percent each year. Attainable: At present, the market is growing at a rate of 15 percent per annum, thus 10 percent increases in sales revenue is achievable (Saaskilahti, 2015). Relevant: in order to increase the profit of the business, at this point in time, targeting 10 percent rise in the sales value is essential. Time related: The stipulated time period for achieving the targeted 10 percent increase in the sales revenue is 12 months. 4. Marketing Strategy Bistore will strive to increase its market penetration. The marketing strategy creates consumer awareness regarding the offered products that is described in the product strategy. It uses to develop the customer base as well as creates customer loyalty. The marketing strategy of Bigstore is based on the following strategies such as: Product Strategy Big store, the UK food and drink market consists of four categories of key products such as frozen food, fresh food, kitchen cupboard items and drinks. Big store prides that they are giving fresh ingredients in their food items. The qualities of the products are most important to attract the customers (Takayama and Takayama, 2015). The food ingredients used in the items and drinks should be healthy. The strategy for product frames the premise for executing an item guide and consequent item discharges. The item technique empowers the organization to concentrate on a particular target advertise and highlight set, rather than attempting to be everything to everybody. Big Store to make the item methodology has recognized the business sector issues that should be determined. This incorporates meeting the objective business sector, understanding the focused scene and recognizing how the association can separate itself. The item technique will change after some time as the association adapts more about business sector, and as it can choose to enter distinctive markets (Su, Wolfs and Masoum, 2014). The force of an item technique originates from what the association characterizes and what it needs to avoid. Pricing strategy Though food and drinks is an innovative item, therefore it should go for price penetration pricing (McDonald, 2011). The food products are getting novelty over their products and its qualities. The cost of manufacture, the transportation cost and the distribution cost is quite reasonable as compared to its competitors. The price of their food and drink should not be more than the competitors in the marketplace (Su, Wolfs and Masoum, 2014). If the cost of the products is high, then in order to earn profit, the price will be higher. The prices of the products are based on value price strategy i.e. the company prefers more to value to the customers expectations and their desires. Premium costing is a long-term technique that should be utilized by Big Store to underscore prevalent item advantages or quality administrations. The expectation is to build up and keep up a moderately high cost position that accompanies the message of top quality. With this technique, it will be simpler to keep up ordinarily a standard cost point amid presentation, development and early development phases of an item life cycle (Su, Wolfs and Masoum, 2014). Frequently, when items enter decay and the organization plans to dispatch another form or item, they are stamped to offer out remaining stock. Techniques, for example, cost-in addition to estimating and target return evaluating accentuate long haul benefit boost. Generally, the affiliation must set costs in view of the coveted level of benefits it would like to get after some time. If the objective of the company is 20 percent benefit over the life of an item, then Big Store need to estimate to what extent starting interest will last when higher costs at 30 to 40 percent edge can be achieved (Saaskilahti, 2015). There additionally is a need to consider that close to the end of the life cycle, the association might need to markdown remaining stock for practically zero benefit. Distribution strategy Bigstore targets the customers of age between 18-25 years for its frozen food items and drinks. The market has four primary sectors those are buying the products such as baby and toddeler, child, adult and adult as well as pensioner (Keegan and Green, 2011). The company targets the location for selling their products in the marketplace of UK. It major selling locations are the franchisee shops as well as new market developmental paces such as airports, business centers, colleges as well as universities, as well as supermarkets. The free samples of their products are distributed in the colleges and universities so that the customers become more attractive towards their products. Promotion Strategy Big store uses the promotion strategy to expand their products into the market by familiarizing the products to the customers. As the food store is new in the market, therefore their promotional strategy should be more attractive. The channel of promotion is TV ads, print media such as newspaper and magazine, billboard and poster, event management and online advertising (Takayama and Takayama, 2015). The goal for the Bigstore chains media trade is dependent on the age between 18-35 years to exploit the buying power with a twist toward the encoding that uses to distribute better to the younger audience. The objective of promotion strategy is to achieve current advertising campaign in order to increase the brand awareness of their food items. 5. Control and Implementation The purpose of Bigstores marketing plan is to give out as a direct for the store. The following are the regions that are required to manage in order to improve the performance of the company such as control over revenue and expenses on monthly as well as annually based on the planned as compared to the actual (Boudreax and Emerick, 2014). The control over the customer satisfaction is required in order to generate a repetitive business as well as referral activity. The implementations of the marketing strategies are used to identify the key marketing programs. The markets of UK are first researched to identify the targeted customers and distribution and promotion channel (De Chernatony, 2010) Then trade shows the participation campaign. After implementation of the strategies are based on the market of UK. The implementation of the marketing strategy of Big store requires the knowledge of targeted customers, the channel of distribution, its competitive market and working knowledge of effective marketing as well as communication tactics (Hollensen, 2011). The strategy is implemented by including the sales volume, adoption of the satisfaction metrics, and the goals for market preparation. Marketing plan for Bigstore Weekly Timeline Week 1 - 2 Week 3 - 6 Week 7- 9 Week 10 - 11 Week 12 - 14 Research the marketplace Develop contingency plans Identify the targeted markets Identify the communication channel Identify the risks in the market Implementation of the plan 6. Projected Profit Loss Statement The profit and loss statement of the marketing project under consideration is being provided in the following section of the report: Year-by-year profit and loss assumptions Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Annual cumulative price (revenue) raise - 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% Annual cumulative inflation (expense) raise - 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00% Interest rate on ending cash balance 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Revenue Revenue for gross $4,000,000 $4,400,000 $4,840,000 $5,324,000 $5,856,400 Total cost of the goods sold 468,700 478,074 497,197 527,029 569,191 Gross margin $3,531,300 $3,921,926 $4,342,803 $4,796,971 $5,287,209 Other income [source] $0 $0 $10,000 $0 $0 Income for interest $1,000 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total revenue $3,532,300 $3,921,926 $4,352,803 $4,796,971 $5,287,209 Operating expenses Sales and marketing $40,000 $40,800 $42,432 $44,978 $48,576 Payroll taxes 60,000 $61,200 $63,648 $67,467 $72,864 Reduction 40,000 40,800 41,600 42,400 43,200 Insurance 40,000 $40,800 $42,432 $44,978 $48,576 Maintenance 15,000 15,300 15,600 15,900 16,200 Utilities 30,000 $30,600 $31,824 $33,733 $36,432 Property taxes 15,000 $15,300 $15,912 $16,867 $18,216 managerial fees 18,000 $18,360 $19,094 $20,240 $21,859 Other 4,000 $4,080 $4,243 $4,498 $4,858 Total in service operating cost $262,000 $267,240 $276,786 $291,061 $310,782 Operating income $3,270,300 $3,654,686 $4,076,017 $4,505,910 $4,976,427 Interest expense on the long-term liability 3,590 2,866 2,106 1,308 470 Operating income before other items $3,266,710 $3,651,820 $4,073,912 $4,504,603 $4,975,958 Loss (gain) on transaction of property 0 0 1,000 0 0 Additional unusual expenses (income) 0 0 0 0 0 pay before taxes $3,266,710 $3,651,820 $4,074,912 $4,504,603 $4,975,958 Taxes on income 30% 980,013 1,095,546 1,222,474 1,351,381 1,492,787 7. Conclusion It is concluded that by recognizing a particular target market in the item system, the affiliation will be likewise barring different markets. This offers the organization to comprehend which some assistance with projecting fall outside the item technique and divert from key objectives. Techniques, for example, cost-in addition to estimating and target return evaluating accentuate long haul benefit boost. Generally, the affiliation must set costs in view of the coveted level of benefits it would like to get after some time. The goal for the Bigstore chains media buying is reliant on the aged between 18-35 years to exploit the buying power with a distort toward the programming that employs to bring better to the younger viewers. References Books Boudreax C. and Emerick (2014) The Most Powerful Brand On Earth: How to Transform Teams, Empower Employees, Integrate Partners and Mobilize Customers to Beat the Competition in Digital and Social Media, Prentice Hall De Chernatony, L. (2010) From Brand Vision to Brand Evaluation, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Hollensen, S. (2011) Global Marketing, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall Keegan, W.J Green, M. (2011) Global Marketing Management, 2nd Edit, Pearson, US McDonald, M, (2011), Marketing Plans: How to Prepare Them, How to Use Them, 7Ed, London, Butterworth-Heinemann Journals Bjelic, P. (2011). Marketing instruments of foreign trade promotion.Marketing, 42(4), pp.268-276. Choon-Gyu Lee, Jong-Jin Kim, and Myung-Hee Jung, (2014). A Study on the Strategy of Japan as an Advanced Country in International Grain Distribution Markets.journalofdistributionscience, 12(5), pp.71-80. Feriozzi, F. (2015). Career Concerns and Product Market Competition.Journal of Economics Management Strategy, p.n/a-n/a. Gasovic, M. (2011). Integrated marketing communications in sport organizations.Marketing, 42(3), pp.171-179. Guo, X., Ling, L. and Gao, Z. (2015). Optimal pricing strategy for hotels when online travel agencies use customer cash backs: A game-theoretic approach.Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management. Karanja, S., SMA, M. and Thuo, J. (2014). The Effect of Marketing Capabilities and Distribution Strategy on Performance of MSP Intermediary Organisations in Nairobi County, Kenya.BMS, 5(1), p.197. Ketenchyev, K. (2014). ADAPTEITION STRATEGY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF DRAGONFLIES.South of Russia: ecology, development, (1), p.82. Krstic, I. and Becic, S. (2011). Implementation of marketing strategy: Factor of competitive advantage.Marketing, 42(2), pp.118-126. Liu, L. and Dukes, A. (2015). Consumer Search with Limited Product Evaluation.Journal of Economics Management Strategy, p.n/a-n/a. Lueg, R. (2015). PRODUCT CUSTOMIZATION: A CASE STUDY ON CHOOSING THE RIGHT COSTING SYSTEM.International Journal of Business Strategy, 15(2), pp.63-68. Matsumura, T. and Matsushima, N. (2015). Should Firms Employ Personalized Pricing?.Journal of Economics Management Strategy, 24(4), pp.887-903. Rodic, J. and Budimircevic, K. (2011). Marketing research of consumer perception.Marketing, 42(2), pp.127-134. Sskilahti, P. (2015). Buying Decision Coordination and Monopoly Pricing of Network Goods.Journal of Economics Management Strategy, p.n/a-n/a. Sheng, S. and Yang, S. (2014). Distribution Network Planning Based on Multi-Island Group Strategy Genetic Algorithm.AMR, 960-961, pp.964-968. Sheth, J. (2011). The double helix of marketing: The complementary relationship between marketing history and marketing theory.Marketing Theory, 11(4), pp.503-505. Shimokawa, J. (2015). ChemInform Abstract: Divergent Strategy in Natural Product Total Synthesis.ChemInform, 46(5), p.no-no. Stosic, I. (2014). The role of marketing in corporate restructuring in crisis period.Marketing, 45(1), pp.41-49. Su, X., Wolfs, P. and Masoum, M. (2014). Comprehensive optimal photovoltaic inverter control strategy in unbalanced three-phase four-wire low voltage distribution networks.IET Generation, Transmission Distribution, 8(11), pp.1848-1859. Takayama, M. and Takayama, T. (2015). Reframing Product Position Rescues Strategy toward Product-market Shift.Journal of Business and Economics, 6(4), pp.789-798.